Title: Nosh on Fruits, Exercise, and Bleed a Little: Medieval Wellness Wisdom
In the olden days, travelers faced numerous health risks, such as diseases, poor nutrition, injuries, accidents, and poisonings. However, medieval travelers were proactive in attempting to ward off illnesses. One of the fascinating health care guides for these adventurers is the "De regimine et via itineris et fine peregrinatium," penned by Adam of Cremona around 1227–28 for Emperor Frederick II's crusade.
Primarily based on Ibn Sina's 11th-century Canon of Medicine, a renowned medical source during the medieval era, this guide offers a wealth of insights. Adam suggested bloodletting before and throughout the journey, depending on the stars' will and mood. This practice, an integral part of medieval medical practice, entailed using leeches or sharp instruments to drain blood for balancing the four humors, believed to compose the body.
While the humors theory is long abandoned, bloodletting and leech therapy are still employed in specific medical settings today. Adam encourages travelers to be vigilant about leeches' quality, distinguishing between good and bad leeches based on their appearance. Furthermore, he offers guidelines for desalinating water, recommends adhering to a diet close to the traveler's native cuisine, emphasizes rest and adequate sleep, and advises regular bathing to maintain good health.

Dysentery was a common travel peril, particularly for crusaders, who tried to avoid it by keeping their digestive systems in balance. Knowledge about water supplies was of paramount importance, with one pilgrimage guide suggesting Haifa's location as a reliable source in modern-day Israel. Another guide warned about Jerusalem's lack of water, except for the rainwater collected by inhabitants for daily use.
Since blisters were a frequent pilgrim complaint, Adam suggested using poultices made of oil, plants, and mercury to prevent and treat them. He also recommended regulating walking pace, especially on unfamiliar paths, as movement benefited both physical and spiritual health according to preachers like Jacques de Vitry.

Medieval travelers faced risks from dangerous creatures, primarily venomous serpents and crocodiles. To combat these threats, they carried theriac, a mixture containing snake flesh, to counteract bites. Forewarning travelers about such hazards helped them remain alert.
Despite popular perception of medieval medical practices as limited or even dangerous, travelers did their best to remain healthy in challenging conditions. The relentless drive towards wellness, evident in the efforts of these early explorers, affirms that maintaining health through preventive measures is a universal human concern.

After recognizing the potential danger of venomous serpents and crocodiles during their travels, medieval adventurers brought theriac, a serpent-flesh mixture, as a precaution. This practice highlights the proactive approach of medieval travelers towards health and safety, demonstrating their commitment to staying healthy despite the challenges of their times.
Adam's guide, "De regimine et via itineris et fine peregrinatium," emphasizes the importance of desalinating water, a crucial tip for maintaining good health during travels. This suggests that even in the medieval era, the significance of hydration and clean water for wellbeing was recognized and acknowledged.